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Background@#A precise anatomical understanding of the adductor canal (AC) and its neural components is essential for discerning the action mechanism of the AC block. We therefore aimed to clarify the detailed anatomy of the AC using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological evaluation, and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. @*Methods@#Gross dissections of 39 thighs provided morphometric data relevant to injection landmarks. Serial sectional images of the AC were defined using micro-CT and ultrasonography. The fascial and neural structures of the AC proper were histologically evaluated using Masson’s trichrome and Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining, and double IF staining using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and neurofilament 200 antibodies. @*Results@#The posteromedial branch insertion of the nerve to vastus medialis (NVM) into the lateral border of the AC proper was lower (14.5 ± 2.4 cm [mean ± SD] above the base of the patella) than the origin of the proximal AC. The AC consists of a thin subsartorial fascia in the proximal region and a thick aponeurosis-like vastoadductor membrane in the distal region. In the proximal AC, the posteromedial branch of the NVM (pmNVM) consistently contained both sensory and motor fibers, and more ChAT-positive fibers were observed than in the saphenous nerve (27.5 ± 11.2 / 104 vs. 4.2 ± 2.6 / 104 [counts/µm2], P < 0.001). @*Conclusions@#Anatomical differences in fascial structures between the proximal and distal AC and a mixed neural component of the neighboring pmNVM have been visualized using micro-CT images, histological evaluation, and IF assays.
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Background@#Biogenetic causal explanations of mental disorders are commonly used for public education and campaigns. However, the influence of biogenetic explanations on the ideas about and attitudes toward mental illness is unclear. We examined the influence of biogenetic explanations on attitudes toward mental disorders using a meta-analytic method accompanied by subgroup analyses. @*Methods@#The protocol for this meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020158656) in March 2020. Experimental and correlational studies were analyzed separately. Five outcome measures related to attitudes toward mental disorders were included: ‘attitude toward helpseeking,’ ‘blame,’ ‘perceived dangerousness,’ ‘prognostic pessimism,’ and ‘social distance.’ Subgroup analyses were performed for the type of mental disorder, population, and geographic region for which a biogenetic explanation was provided. @*Results@#A total of 44 studies were included, of which 24 were experimental and 20 were correlational. A positive attitude toward help-seeking was associated with having a biogenetic concept (d = 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.67; P < 0.001) in general population and in Eastern countries in particular. Although a biogenetic explanation was associated with a decreased level of blame (d = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.38 to −0.02; P = 0.029) in the general population, it was also associated with significantly higher levels of perceived dangerousness (d = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.23; P = 0.008). A tendency toward a higher level of prognostic pessimism and social distance was associated with a biogenetic concept of mental disorders although there was no statistical significance. @*Conclusion@#Having a biogenetic concept of the cause of mental disorders was related with a positive attitude toward help-seeking, particularly in the general population and individuals living in Eastern countries. Providing a biogenetic explanation decreased blame toward individuals with mental illness but was associated with increased perceived dangerousness and prognostic pessimism. Therefore, although a biogenetic explanation use of mental health services, it should be carefully applied to avoid an increase in negative thoughts, such as that mental illness is biologically irreversible and untreatable.promotes public
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Purpose@#This study aims to examine the mediating effects of psychological contracts and subjective career success and the effect of organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior among hospital nurses. @*Methods@#The data were collected using structured questionnaires through online surveys from 200 nurses in hospitals located in P metropolitan city and J city from February 9 to March 8, 2022. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, Hayes’s SPSS Process Macro 4.0 version program, and bootstrapping. @*Results@#The paths of organizational justice to psychological contract, psychological contract to subjective career success, and subjective career success to organizational citizenship behavior were significant. The double mediating effects of psychological contract and subjective career success were significant in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. @*Conclusion@#Based on this study, nursing managers should enable nurses to positively perceive organizational justice and the psychological contract. For this, efforts should be made to secure a transparent and fair system. For subjective career success, it is necessary to establish a career management system and provide opportunities for career development such as relevant education at the organizational level. This will be a motivating process that can induce organizational citizenship behavior.
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Purpose@#The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pain duration and pain relief after epidural adhesiolysis. @*Materials and Methods@#Patients with low back pain who underwent lumbar epidural adhesiolysis were enrolled. A clinically significant reduction in pain score was defined as a ≥30% reduction at 6-month follow-up evaluation. Variables were compared based on pain duration categories. Changes in pain scores and pain outcome were also compared. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with pain relief after adhesiolysis. @*Results@#A total of 169 patients, including 77 (45.6%) patients with a favorable pain outcome, were included for analysis. Patients with a pain duration ≥3 years reported lower baseline pain scores and showed more frequent severe central stenosis. Pain scores significantly decreased over time after the procedure except in patients with a pain duration ≥3 years. Most patients who experienced pain for ≥3 years showed poor pain relief (80.8%), unlike other pain duration categories (pain duration <3 months=48.1%, 3 months–1 year=51.8%, 1–3 years=48.6%). A pain duration ≥3 years and lower baseline pain score were independent factors associated with an unfavorable pain outcome. @*Conclusion@#Pain lasting ≥3 years prior to lumbar epidural adhesiolysis was associated with worse outcomes in terms of pain relief. Therefore, this intervention should be considered early before pain chronification in patients with low back pain.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of photo-polymerization on the mechanical strength of the hybrid resin block. Hybrid composite resin was fabricated by polymer matrix mixed with inorganic filler and various additive. Visible light (460 nm) LED curing device for photo-polymerization was designed and fabricated. Photo-polymerization of resin block was performed under 3 hrs at 1200 mW/cm2 , 2 hrs at 1600 mW/cm2 , 3 hrs at 1600 mW/cm2 , and 4 hrs at 1600 mW/cm2 of irradiation intensities and time. Mechanical strength was measured using flexural strength. In addition, the sample treated for 2 hrs at 1600 mW/cm2 was performed post-treatment under conditions of plasma surface treatment (100 W, 5 min) and light curing for 15 min in order to improve the degree of polymerization. And then specimen was measured for flexural strength again. After the photo-polymerization, surface morphology was analyzed by SEM. The flexural strength of the composite resin block was significantly increased as the irradiation time was increased. Especially, post-treated sample showed higher flexural strength than that of the other samples. In the SEM analysis, surface morphology was no significant difference regardless of the photo-polymerization conditions. Light irradiation and plasma treatment could be a powerful technique to improve the polymerization of hybrid composite resin block for CAD/CAM-processed prosthesis.
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Background@#This study is a 1-year follow-up study for mentally disabled people who started living independently. The purpose of this study is to confirm the performance of the supported independent housing (SIH) program for severe mental illness and to compare the effectiveness with the collective living family, a group home (GH). @*Methods@#This study included mentally disabled people living in publicly supported SIH (n=24) and living in GH (n=31). The outcome measures were brief psychiatric rating scale, Global Assessment Function (GAF), internalized stigma, hope, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and working alliance. Analyzes were performed using descriptive methods and chi-square analysis, Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Friedman test. @*Results@#In the case of the SIH group, GAF and internalized stigma showed a significant effect after 1 year, and the working alliance showed a tendency to decrease at 6 months and then increase again after 1 year. In comparison between the two groups, only GAF showed a significant difference after 1 year. Hope, self-esteem, and life satisfaction showed a significant effect in the GH group after 1 year, but not in the SIH group. @*Conclusions@#Results show that the SIH and GH housing types achieve different results over the 1-year period. GAF and internalized stigma were significant in SIH, and psychological variables were significant in GH. In GAF, SIH showed a more significant effect than GH. Housing support should take into account the various individual circumstances and preferences of the client, and above all, securing housing stability and expanding accessibility is important.
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Background@#Intraoperative pulmonary aspiration is a rare but potentially fatal complication associated with various risk factors. Preoperative recognition of these risk factors can prevent aspiration events during general anesthesia or facilitate prompt corrective measures in patients experiencing this complication. Case: A 70-year-old female patient with hypertension underwent bilateral total knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia. Despite using a midnight nothing-per-oral (NPO) protocol, an unpredictable intraoperative aspiration event occurred during anesthesia induction. A detailed evaluation of the patient’s medical history and subsequent diagnostic imaging examinations indicated achalasia. She was treated for aspiration pneumonia for 2 weeks. After 2 months, rescheduled total knee arthroplasty was performed under spinal anesthesia without any complications. @*Conclusions@#Obtaining the patient’s medical history and assessing the risk factors are important to prevent unpredictable intraoperative pulmonary aspiration. High-risk patients should undergo adequate preoperative fasting and regional anesthesia or rapid-sequence intubation should be considered for safe induction of general anesthesia.
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Background@#Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. As leprosy has a long disease course, various dermatoses must be considered in the differential diagnosis. @*Objective@#In Korea, due to the low incidence rate of leprosy and lack of doctors with experience of leprosy, it is difficult to make an early diagnosis. Therefore, we evaluated the importance of cooperation projects in the diagnosis of leprosy. @*Methods@#A retrospective study was performed on 137 patients who were referred by other hospitals to the Institute for Leprosy Research, Korean Hansen Welfare Association, to make an early diagnosis of leprosy from 2009 to 2018. @*Results@#Among 137 patients, 19 were diagnosed with leprosy, which accounted for approximately 37% of new cases of leprosy in Korea during the 10 years. By nationality, 15 were Korean, and 4 were foreigners. The most common type was lepromatous leprosy. All multibacillary patients were positive for phenolic glycolipid-1 antibody, M. leprae-specific gene polymerase chain reaction, and acid-fast bacilli stain. Among the four paucibacillary patients who showed both negative acid-fast bacilli stain and phenolic glycolipid-1, three were positive for polymerase chain reaction. Of the 55 skin biopsy specimens that were not diagnosed with leprosy, granulomatous skin disease was the most commonly diagnosed condition. @*Conclusion@#In this study, we diagnosed patients with leprosy who were referred from other hospitals due to the suspicion of leprosy, which enables early treatment of leprosy. Finally, we believe that our project has public health significance in preventing the spread of leprosy in the community.
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Purpose@#Extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials might occur when the intravascular solution leaks into the surrounding tissues. Injury associated with extravasation depends on various factors. It may range from mild skin reaction to severe necrosis. However, the incidence rate for extravasation is largely unknown because of the limited reporting in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the incidence of extravasation and nurses’ attitude and knowledge of extravasation for providing high-quality nursing care. @*Methods@#Three acute care hospitals were surveyed to estimate the occurrence of extravasation. Knowledge and attitude toward extravasation were investigated from 793 nurses working in six hospitals. @*Results@#The incidence rate of extravasation was 0.5%. Extravasation commonly occurred in elderly patients aged 66 or older (59.9%) and internal medicine (48.2%), and it happened 13.73±20.68 days after hospitalization on average.It mostly occurred in the forearm site (52.9%) and was mainly caused by parenteral nutrition (33.6%). The mean scores of nurses’ knowledge and attitude were 14.63±2.86 and 28.91±36.00, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the subjects' knowledge and attitude (r=-.11, p=.002). @*Conclusion@#It is necessary to have a reporting system that can accurately monitor the occurrence of extravasation for patient safety management. In addition, it is necessary to develop a protocol that can be applied to clinical practice and a nurse education program.
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Purpose@#This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the quality of life among cancer survivors using the results of the 8th National Health and Nutrition Survey. @*Methods@#Data was collected from the KNHANES Ⅷ-1 (2019). The research tool used the demographic and health related characteristics and quality of life (EQ-5D).Among total 8110 participants, 262 cancer survivors were included in the analysis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25 version. @*Results@#The overall mean of quality of life for participants was 0.92±0.13 (range 0~1).There were statistically significant differences in the quality of life results by age (F=6.23, p<.001), marital status (F=7.40 p<.001), education level (F=12.36, p<.001), current economic activity (t=22.28, p<.001), household income (F=5.49, p=.001), cancer type (t=2.61 p=.018), chronic disease (t=21.29, p<.001), health examination (t=5.39, p=.021), cancer screening (t=4.93, p=.027), activity limitation (t=63.93, p<.001), physical activity (F=4.96, p=.008), monthly drinking (t=8.39, p=.004), depressive symptoms (t=13.52, p<.001), private health insurance (t=20.15, p<.001), body mass index (r=-.17 p=.005), subjective health status (r=.42 p<.001), perceived stress level (r=-.18 p=.003). Factors influencing the quality of life of cancer survivors included cancer screening (β=.21, p=003), education level (β=-.22, p=.003), current economic activity (β=.18, p=.010), subjective health status (β=.19, p=.007), depressive symptoms (β=-.15, p=.034), and physical activity (β=.14, p=.037), which explained 24.5% of the quality of life. @*Conclusion@#To improve the quality of life of cancer survivors, the appropriate intervention is needed for effective management considering various factors which affect the quality of life of the cancer survivors.
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Perilymph fistula (PLF) is defined as an abnormal communication between the middle ear cavity and perilymphatic space of the inner ear. Most cases of PLF are responsible for pressure change caused by internal trauma or external trauma. However, spontaneous PLF might occur without an obvious history of barotrauma. We report two cases of possible spontaneous PLF in the postpartum period: both cases involved progressive sensorineural hearing loss with positional dizziness. Although the leakage of perilymph was not found during exploration, both hearing loss and dizziness improved immediately after PLF repair. It is necessary to consider the possibility of PLF in patients who have sudden or progressive sensorineural hearing loss with positional nystagmus. Early surgical exploration is recommended even if the history of barotrauma is not clear.
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Background@#The purpose of this study was to explore the employment experiences of mentally disabled employees working in the subsidiary company for the disabled. @*Methods@#Ten people who employed in the subsidiary company for the disabled interviewed with 12 months. The study had a qualitative descriptive design and qualitative content analysis was used. @*Results@#Employment experiences of mentally disabled employees was emerged into three domains (support, effort, expectation and demand), six categories (relational support, supportive work environment, system support, self-management efforts, improving the quality of employment, improving awareness) and 12 subcategories. @*Conclusions@#In conclusion, for stable employment of the mentally disabled peoples, efforts are required at the individual, company, and government level. A flexible and careful work environment for the mentally disabled peoples and support systems such as counseling and case management are needed to be considered. Job assignments that meet the individual skills and needs of persons with mental disabilities should be considered, and it is necessary to develop an integrated supported employment program that supports individual skills training after employment. Above all, a government effort is needed to eliminate social prejudice against mental illness, and also an effort to improve employers' awareness are needed.
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This study evaluated release of the residual monomer and cytotoxicity after polymerization of three denture base resins (heat curing resin, self-curing resin, light curing resin by 3D printer). Three types of resin specimen according to the manufacturer’s guideline were fabricated: heat curing resin (Group H), self-curing resin (Group S), 3D Printed resin (Group L). Each group of specimen were stored in distilled water at 37 ℃ for 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks in order to measure the release of the residual monomer. Absorbance was measured at each storage time in the three groups. Cytotoxicity is measured by MTT test at each storage time in the three groups. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests of Dunnett T3 test and Scheffe test were carried out, where p values of less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Group H showed the lower absorbance than Group S and Group L. There was no statistically significant difference in the absorbance of Group S and Group L for 8 weeks, except for the one day. Group H and Group S showed no cytotoxicity, but Group L resulted in cytotoxicity. To conclude, light curing resin used in 3D printer revealed high cytotoxicity in this study. In order to apply the 3D printed denture base resin to clinical situation, it is necessary to develop a method to reduce the release of residual monomers.
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Background@#: Interprofessional education is a necessary step in preparing healthcare providers. This study was done to develop an interprofessional ethical education for nursing and medical students in South Korea, and examine its effects on their readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes. @*Methods@#: The study was designed using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 34 4th-year nursing students and 39 5th-year medical students who participated in an interprofessional ethical education program. Descriptive statistics, a independent t-test, and a dependent t-test were used for data analysis. @*Results@#: After interprofessional ethical education, students’ readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes were improved. The improvement of nursing students were higher than that of medical students. @*Conclusion@#: The study results indicate that an interprofessional ethical education for nursing and medical students is effective in increasing their readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to understand and describe the diabetes self-management experience of visually impaired people with diabetes. @*Methods@#Ten participants were recruited through a website used by the visually impaired from February to March 2020. Data were collected through two focus group interviews conducted in June 2020; each group consisted of five participants. All interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. @*Results@#Seven categories were as follows; a two-faced, lifelong companion, an unprepared encounter, struggle to live, love-hate relationship with family, strategies to adapt, lessening attention to self-management, the desire to learn properly. @*Conclusion@#It can be concluded that the visually impaired have fewer opportunities for receiving diabetes self-management education than general diabetic patients. Consequently, plans to improve the education available to such patients are required. Additionally, psychological counseling and diabetes education for patients’ families are necessary, and improving the perception of medical workers regarding the visually impaired will be prove useful.
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PURPOSE: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-δ-dependent Akt activation is known to play critical roles in various immune responses of white blood cells in which PI3K-δ isoform is mostly expressed in contrast to the classes IA PI3Ks p110α and p110β. However, the immunological role of PI3K-δ isoform is still controversial in airway epithelium under house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic response. This study aimed to evaluate the role of PI3K-δ isoform in HDM-induced allergic responses, focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in airway epithelium.METHODS: We used wild-type mice and PI3K-δ knock-out (KO) mice for HDM-induced asthma animal model and also performed in vitro experiments using primary cultured murine tracheal epithelial cells and human airway epithelial cells.RESULTS: PI3K-δ activated HDM-induced NLRP3 inflammasome and epithelial cell-derived cytokines in the lung including airway epithelial cells. PI3K-δ KO mice or knock-down of PI3K-δ using siRNA exhibited the significant reduction in allergic asthmatic features and the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly as well as epithelial cell-derived cytokines. Interestingly, significantly increased expression of PI3K-δ isoform was observed in stimulated airway epithelial cells and the increases in epithelial cell-derived cytokines were markedly suppressed by blocking PI3K-δ, while these cytokine levels were independent of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that PI3K-δ-isoform can promote HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent response as well as via NLRP3 inflammasome-independent epithelial cell activation.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Asthma , Cytokines , Dust , Epithelial Cells , Epithelium , In Vitro Techniques , Inflammasomes , Inflammation , Leukocytes , Lung , Models, Animal , Phosphotransferases , Pyroglyphidae , RNA, Small InterferingABSTRACT
Purpose@#This study aims to measure the mandibular movement using JT-3D system and provide a range of mandibular movement that can serve as a good reference for diagnosing the temporomandibular disorder. @*Materials and Methods@#This study was conducted in 60 young male and female adults. The maximum opening and closing movement was recorded using JT-3D system, and by regarding 5 times of repetitive movement as 1 cycle of movement, total 3 cycles of movement were recorded. During the maximum opening, vertical position of lower jaw, antero-posterior position, lateral deflection position, and maximum opening distance were recorded. To evaluate the reproducibility of JT-3D system, statistical analysis were conducted (α = 0.05). @*Results@#During the maximum opening, the average value appeared at 31.56 mm vertically and 24.42 mm rearwardly, lateral deflection position 0.72 mm, and maximum opening distance 40.32 mm. There was no statistical significance in all measured values for three cycles of movement recorded with JT-3D system (P > 0.05). @*Conclusion@#During the maximum opening, the average value appeared at 0.72 mm in lateral deflection position and the maximum opening distance at 40.32 mm, and the analysis on the maximum opening of lower jaw using JT-3D system showed sufficiently reproducible results.
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Purpose@#This study tried to provide a baseline information for increasing the rate of cancer screening in the elderly by examining the factors influencing cancer screening behavior in the elderly using Andersen's model and health belief model. @*Methods@#Participants included 259 elderly from D city, South Korea. The data were collected from July to August, 2019 using structured questionnaires including subjects' characteristics, knowledge toward cancer screening and health belief variables. @*Results@#The cancer screening rate of the subjects was 66.0%. There were significant differences in monthly income, perception of the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP), death from cancer in a family member, cancer screening intention, knowledge toward cancer screening, perceived benefit and perceived barrier between two groups. The factors influencing cancer screening behaviors in the elderly were death from cancer in a family member, perception of the NCSP, perceived barrier. @*Conclusion@#This results suggest to increase the rate of cancer screening in the elderly, it is necessary to develop NCSP promotion program and proper education program for the elderly. Additionally, we recommended the research identifying the specific perceived barriers of cancer screening behavior of the elderly. This study provides a reference for developing the policy measures and strategies to increase the cancer screening behavior of the elderly.
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Purpose@#In this study investigated the association between cardio-cerebro vascular disease and depression was examined and factors influencing depression in adults with cardio-cerebro vascular disease were identified. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data (2014, 2016), which is representative of the Korean population was used. @*Methods@#Data on 9,651 people (male 4,148, female 5,503; age≥19 years old from the KNHANES (Ⅵ-2, Ⅷ-1) were analyzed using frequency, percentage, x2 test, and logistic regression analysis. Depression is defined as major depression with doctor diagnosis or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10. Ischemic heart disease (IHD)(myocardial infarction or angina) and stroke were defined as a doctor diagnosis. @*Results@#The prevalence of depression was 20.4% in the IHD group and 22.9% in stroke group, which were statistically significant. After adjusting by sociodemographic, health-related, and independent variables in a logistic regression analysis, IHD (OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.36~2.69) and stroke (OR=1.83, 95% CI 1.23~2.72) were associated with depression. In addition, IHD was significantly associated with depression in women, people divorced or separated, current smokers, people with perceived stress, and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, stroke was significantly associated with depression in women, under the age of 65, with perceived stress. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study show that cardio-cerebro vascular disease is associated with the depression and influencing factors on depression were socio-demographic and health-related characteristics. Therefore, intensive management of depression risk factors and development and application of a program reducing depression for patients with cardio-cerebro vascular disease should be developed.
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Purpose@#The purpose is to test and evaluate the physical properties of commonly used temporary restoration materials and newly emerged materials. @*Materials and Methods@#Four groups of polymer materials were evaluated: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 2 groups, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polycarbonate. Four physical properties were tested: surface hardness, bending strength, abrasion resistance during wear, wear behavior. The 3-axis bending strength and Vickers hardness test were measured using a universal testing machines respectively. The microstructure was observed with a scanning electron microscope and weight comparison was evaluated after 100,000 chewing tests using a chewing simulator. Kruskal wallis test was performed to evaluate statistical significance. @*Results@#The four groups showed the highest flexural strength and Vickers hardness of PEEK, followed by PC, PMMA-H, PMMA-T. Microstructure observation also showed the least surface roughness in the PEEK group, followed by PC, PMMA-H, PMMA-T. @*Conclusion@#PC is considered to have sufficient mechanical properties that can be applied to the manufacture of temporary teeth. However, further studies, such as biocompatibility, are considered to be necessary for practical clinical applications.